Updated:\u00a0<\/span>October 15, 2023<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n EXAMPLES OF STATISTICS USE IN SPECIFIC STUDIES:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n Measurements will represent characteristics of entire populations<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Measures a disease in relation to a variable of interest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Correlation coefficient quantifies the linear relationship between the exposure of interest or \u201cpredictor\u201d and the disease or \u201coutcome\u201d being studied<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Examples: Pearson\u2019s \u201cr\u201d; Spearman\u2019s \u201cT\u201d; or Kendall\u2019s \u201cK\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Value of the coefficient is between +1 and -1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Positive 1 = perfect correlation where as the predictor increases, the outcome (or risk of outcome) increases<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Negative 1 = perfect inverse correlation where as the predictor increases the outcome (or risk of outcome) decreases<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n Observational Analytic Studies<\/strong>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n Researchers record participants\u2019 exposures and outcomes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Two types: Case-control and Cohort<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Case-control<\/strong>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Participants are chosen based on whether they do (cases) or do not (controls) have the disease of interest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n The cases and controls are then compared as to whether or not they have the exposure of interest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n The difference in the prevalence of exposure between the disease\/no disease groups can be tested using the odds ratio<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Odds ratio (see above)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Then, determine the significance of your results by finding the confidence interval<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Cohort Study<\/strong>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Observation of a group of participants over a period of time during which outcomes develop<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Retrospective or prospective<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Retrospective<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n All pertinent events (both exposure and disease) have already occurred at the time the study has begun<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n The study investigators rely on previously collected data on exposure and disease<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Prospective<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n The disease\/outcome has not yet occurred<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Study investigator must follow participants into the future to assess any difference in the incidence of the disease\/outcome between the types of exposure<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n The incidence of the disease\/outcome is compared between the exposed and unexposed groups using a relative risk (RR) calculation<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n Resources:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n CDC. Principles of Epidemiology. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published\u00a0<\/span><\/span>2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n Curtis AE, Smith TA, Ziganshin BA, Elefteriades JA. The Mystery of the Z-Score.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>AORTA, August 2016, Volume 4, Issue 4:124-130.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n Government of Canada SC. 4.5 measures of Dispersion 4.5.3 calculating the variance and standard deviation. 4.5.3 Calculating the variance and standard deviation. Published September 2, 2021. Accessed November 24, 2022.\u00a0<\/span>https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/edu\/power-pouvoir\/ch12\/5214891-eng.htm<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n Krousel-Wood MA, Chambers RB, Muntner P. Clinicians\u2019 Guide to Statistics for Medical\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Practice and Research: Part I.\u00a0<\/span>Ochsner J.<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>2006 Winter; 6(2): 68\u201383.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/studentdoresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/1.jpeg\")
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